Human body Organ systems
Skeletal Nervous Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Musculature
System System System System System System
System System System System System System
Human body organ systems
Essential Understandings
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells; each cell carries on life-sustaining functions.
2. Multicellular organisms need specialized structures and systems to perform basic life functions.
Essential Question
Structure and Function — How are organisms structured to ensure efficiency and survival?
Lesson Objectives: Students should be able to...
1. Compare and contrast living organisms that are single celled with multicellular organisms.
2. Illustrate and describe in writing the structure and the function of the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus in an animal cell.
3. Explain how the structure and function of multicellular organisms (animals) is dependent on the interaction of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
4. Investigate and explain in writing the basic structure and function of the human skeletal system.
5. Differentiate between the structures and range of motion associated with ball, socket and hinge joints and relate human joints to simple machines.
6. Demonstrate how the muscles, tendons, ligaments and bones interact to support the human body and allow movement.
7. Label the major parts of the human respiratory system and explain in writing the function of each part (nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm).
8. Label the major parts of the human circulatory system and explain in writing the function of each part (heart, veins, arteries and capillaries).
9. Design and conduct controlled variable experiments to analyze the interaction between the circulatory and respiratory systems as the demand for oxygen changes.
10. Label the major parts of the human digestive system and explain in writing the function of each part in the chemical and physical breakdown of food (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum).
Standards
Connecticut Curriculum Standards and Assessment Expectations: Grades 6 - 8, Science
C INQ.1 Identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigation
C INQ.2 Read, interpret and examine the credibility of scientific claims in different sources of information
C INQ.3 Design and conduct appropriate types of scientific investigations to answer different questions
C INQ.4 Identify independent and dependent variables, and those variables that are kept constant when designing an experiment.
C INQ.5 Use appropriate tools and techniques to make observations and gather data
C INQ.6 Use mathematical operations to analyze and interpret data.
C INQ.7 Identify and present relationships between variables in appropriate graphs
C INQ.8 Draw conclusions and identify sources of error
C INQ.9 Provide explanations to investigated problems or questions
C INQ.10 communicate about science in different formats, using relevant science vocabulary, supporting evidence and clear logic.
Next Generation Science Standards, Science and Engineering Practices, April 2013
Practice 1 Asking questions and defining problems
Practice 2 Developing and Using Models
Practice 3 Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
Practice 4 Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Practice 5 Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking
Practice 6 Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions
Practice 7 Engaging in Argument from Evidence
Practice 8 Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information
Core Science Curriculum Framework 7.2.a. All organisms are composed of one or more cells; each cell carries on life-sustaining functions.
1. Living things have characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things. Living things use energy, respond to their environment, grow and develop, produce waste and reproduce.
2. Organisms are made of tiny cells that perform the basic life functions and keep the organism alive. Many organisms (for example yeast, algae) are single-celled, and many organisms (for example plants, fungi and animals) are made of millions of cells that work in coordination.
3. All cells come from other cells and they hold the genetic information needed for cell division and growth. When a body cell reaches a certain size, it divides into two cells, each of which contains identical genetic information. This cell division process is called mitosis.
4. The cell is filled with a fluid called cytoplasm; cells contain discrete membrane-enclosed structures called organelles that perform specific functions that support the life of the organism. The structure of the organelle is related to its function.
Core Science Curriculum Framework 7.2.b Multicellular organisms need specialized structures and systems to perform basic life functions.
1. Systems consist of parts that interact with and influence each other.Parts of a system work together to make the whole entity work. Similarly, each part of an animal body has a specific job to do, and all the different parts work together to support life.
2. Although all cells have similar basic structures, in multicellular organisms cells have specialized shapes that enable them to perform specific roles (for example, muscle, nerve, and skin cells can be identified by their distinct shapes).
3. Groups of similar cells are organized in tissues that have specific functions (for example, providing support, connecting parts, carrying messages, protecting internal and external surfaces).
4. Different tissues work together to form an organ, and organs work together as organ systems to perform essential life functions.
5. The human skeletal system includes bones joined together by ligaments. The skeletal system functions to shape and support the body, protect internal organs, enable movement, form blood cells, and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorous.
6. Joints are places where two bones come together and body movement can occur. The structure of a joint (for example, ball and socket, hinge or pivot) determines the kind of movement possible at that point.
7. The human muscular system includes skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. The skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons and they are responsible for the movement of the body. The cardiac muscle is responsible for the pumping action of the heart and the smooth muscles are related to the movement of the internal organs.
8. The muscular and skeletal systems interact to support the body and allow movement.
9. The major parts of the human respiratory system are the nose, trachea, bronchi and lungs. This system is responsible for breathing and exchange of gases between the body and its surroundings.
10. The major parts of the human circulatory system are the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange; the left side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood around the body.
11. The blood is made of plasma, red and white blood cells, and platelets. Its main role is to carry small food molecules and respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) to and from cells. Blood cells are also responsible for destroying invading particles, preventing diseases, and stopping bleeding after injuries.
12. The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to provide all cells with oxygen and nutrients. When the body’s need for oxygen changes, the circulatory and respiratory systems respond by increasing or decreasing breathing and heart rates. These changes can be measured by counting breaths, heartbeats or pulses per minute.
13. The major parts of the human digestive system are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. This system is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients and water, and eliminating waste. The liver and pancreas support the functions of the major digestive organs by producing and releasing digestive liquids into the digestive tract.
14. The nervous, immune and excretory systems interact with the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems to maintain the body’s dynamic internal balance (homeostasis).
LS1.A Structure and function. All living things are made up of cells. In organisms, cells work together to form
tissues and organs that are specialized for particular body functions.
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells; each cell carries on life-sustaining functions.
2. Multicellular organisms need specialized structures and systems to perform basic life functions.
Essential Question
Structure and Function — How are organisms structured to ensure efficiency and survival?
Lesson Objectives: Students should be able to...
1. Compare and contrast living organisms that are single celled with multicellular organisms.
2. Illustrate and describe in writing the structure and the function of the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus in an animal cell.
3. Explain how the structure and function of multicellular organisms (animals) is dependent on the interaction of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
4. Investigate and explain in writing the basic structure and function of the human skeletal system.
5. Differentiate between the structures and range of motion associated with ball, socket and hinge joints and relate human joints to simple machines.
6. Demonstrate how the muscles, tendons, ligaments and bones interact to support the human body and allow movement.
7. Label the major parts of the human respiratory system and explain in writing the function of each part (nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm).
8. Label the major parts of the human circulatory system and explain in writing the function of each part (heart, veins, arteries and capillaries).
9. Design and conduct controlled variable experiments to analyze the interaction between the circulatory and respiratory systems as the demand for oxygen changes.
10. Label the major parts of the human digestive system and explain in writing the function of each part in the chemical and physical breakdown of food (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum).
Standards
Connecticut Curriculum Standards and Assessment Expectations: Grades 6 - 8, Science
C INQ.1 Identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigation
C INQ.2 Read, interpret and examine the credibility of scientific claims in different sources of information
C INQ.3 Design and conduct appropriate types of scientific investigations to answer different questions
C INQ.4 Identify independent and dependent variables, and those variables that are kept constant when designing an experiment.
C INQ.5 Use appropriate tools and techniques to make observations and gather data
C INQ.6 Use mathematical operations to analyze and interpret data.
C INQ.7 Identify and present relationships between variables in appropriate graphs
C INQ.8 Draw conclusions and identify sources of error
C INQ.9 Provide explanations to investigated problems or questions
C INQ.10 communicate about science in different formats, using relevant science vocabulary, supporting evidence and clear logic.
Next Generation Science Standards, Science and Engineering Practices, April 2013
Practice 1 Asking questions and defining problems
Practice 2 Developing and Using Models
Practice 3 Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
Practice 4 Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Practice 5 Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking
Practice 6 Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions
Practice 7 Engaging in Argument from Evidence
Practice 8 Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information
Core Science Curriculum Framework 7.2.a. All organisms are composed of one or more cells; each cell carries on life-sustaining functions.
1. Living things have characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things. Living things use energy, respond to their environment, grow and develop, produce waste and reproduce.
2. Organisms are made of tiny cells that perform the basic life functions and keep the organism alive. Many organisms (for example yeast, algae) are single-celled, and many organisms (for example plants, fungi and animals) are made of millions of cells that work in coordination.
3. All cells come from other cells and they hold the genetic information needed for cell division and growth. When a body cell reaches a certain size, it divides into two cells, each of which contains identical genetic information. This cell division process is called mitosis.
4. The cell is filled with a fluid called cytoplasm; cells contain discrete membrane-enclosed structures called organelles that perform specific functions that support the life of the organism. The structure of the organelle is related to its function.
- The nucleus contains the genetic materials (chromosomes), and it directs the cell activities, growth and division.
- The mitochondrion contains enzymes that break down sugars and release chemical energy. One cell can contain hundreds of mitochondria.
- The entire cell is surrounded by the plasma membrane that controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell.
Core Science Curriculum Framework 7.2.b Multicellular organisms need specialized structures and systems to perform basic life functions.
1. Systems consist of parts that interact with and influence each other.Parts of a system work together to make the whole entity work. Similarly, each part of an animal body has a specific job to do, and all the different parts work together to support life.
2. Although all cells have similar basic structures, in multicellular organisms cells have specialized shapes that enable them to perform specific roles (for example, muscle, nerve, and skin cells can be identified by their distinct shapes).
3. Groups of similar cells are organized in tissues that have specific functions (for example, providing support, connecting parts, carrying messages, protecting internal and external surfaces).
4. Different tissues work together to form an organ, and organs work together as organ systems to perform essential life functions.
5. The human skeletal system includes bones joined together by ligaments. The skeletal system functions to shape and support the body, protect internal organs, enable movement, form blood cells, and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorous.
6. Joints are places where two bones come together and body movement can occur. The structure of a joint (for example, ball and socket, hinge or pivot) determines the kind of movement possible at that point.
7. The human muscular system includes skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. The skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons and they are responsible for the movement of the body. The cardiac muscle is responsible for the pumping action of the heart and the smooth muscles are related to the movement of the internal organs.
8. The muscular and skeletal systems interact to support the body and allow movement.
9. The major parts of the human respiratory system are the nose, trachea, bronchi and lungs. This system is responsible for breathing and exchange of gases between the body and its surroundings.
10. The major parts of the human circulatory system are the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange; the left side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood around the body.
11. The blood is made of plasma, red and white blood cells, and platelets. Its main role is to carry small food molecules and respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) to and from cells. Blood cells are also responsible for destroying invading particles, preventing diseases, and stopping bleeding after injuries.
12. The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to provide all cells with oxygen and nutrients. When the body’s need for oxygen changes, the circulatory and respiratory systems respond by increasing or decreasing breathing and heart rates. These changes can be measured by counting breaths, heartbeats or pulses per minute.
13. The major parts of the human digestive system are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. This system is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients and water, and eliminating waste. The liver and pancreas support the functions of the major digestive organs by producing and releasing digestive liquids into the digestive tract.
14. The nervous, immune and excretory systems interact with the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems to maintain the body’s dynamic internal balance (homeostasis).
LS1.A Structure and function. All living things are made up of cells. In organisms, cells work together to form
tissues and organs that are specialized for particular body functions.